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:''For the smoking device, see Hookah and Bong'' A water pipe is a pipe or tube, frequently made of plastic or metal, that carries pressurized and treated fresh water to a building (as part of a municipal water system), as well as inside the building.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://homerepair.about.com/od/plumbingrepair/ss/Types-Of-Home-Piping-Materials_8.htm )〕 ==History== (詳細はlead was the favoured material for water pipes, because its malleability made it practical to work into shape (this use was so common that the word "plumbing" derives from the Latin word for lead). This was a source of lead-related health problems in the years before the health hazards of ingesting lead were fully understood; among these were stillbirths and high rates of infant mortality. Lead water pipes were still in common use in the early 20th century and remain in many households. Lead-tin alloy solder was commonly used to join copper pipes, but modern practice uses tin-antimony alloy solder to join copper in order to eliminate lead hazards.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://water.epa.gov/drink/info/lead/ )〕 Despite the Romans' common use of lead pipes, their aqueducts rarely poisoned people. Unlike other parts of the world where lead pipes cause poisoning, the Roman water had so much calcium in it, that a layer of plaque prevented the water contacting the lead itself. What often causes confusion is the large amount of evidence of widespread lead poisoning, particularly amongst those who would have had easy access to piped water.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.atlantawaterlines.com/atlanta-drain-repair/ )〕 This was an unfortunate result of lead being used in cookware and as an additive to processed food and drink, such as a preservative in wine.〔Lead Poisoning: http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/wine/leadpoisoning.html ()〕 Roman lead pipe inscriptions provided information on the owner to prevent water theft. Wooden pipes were used in London and elsewhere during the 16th and 17th centuries. The pipes were hollowed-out logs, which were tapered at the end with a small hole in which the water would pass through.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/lg-zKE0ETBSw4I8O_RHz5A )〕 The multiple pipes were then sealed together with hot animal fat. They were often used in Montreal and Boston in the 1800s, and built-up wooden tubes were widely used in the USA during the 20th century. These pipes, used in place of corrugated iron or reinforced concrete pipes, were made of sections cut from short lengths of wood. Locking of adjacent rings with hardwood dowel pins produced a flexible structure. About 100,000 feet of these wooden pipes were installed during WW2 in drainage culverts, storm sewers and conduits, under highways and at army camps, naval stations, airfields and ordnance plants. Cast iron and ductile iron pipe was long a lower-cost alternative to copper, before the advent of durable plastic materials but special non-conductive fittings must be used where transitions are to be made to other metallic pipes, except for terminal fittings, in order to avoid corrosion owing to electrochemical reactions between dissimilar metals (see galvanic cell).〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://water.me.vccs.edu/concepts/material.html )〕 Bronze fittings and short pipe segments are commonly used in combination with various materials.〔(Worldwide Market for Industrial and Domestic Water Equipment as of 2010 ). PwC. March 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2014.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「water pipe」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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